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V. I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI) RAS

 

Laboratory of Cosmochemistry

 
 
 
 
Рисунок
 

 

Ustinova Galina Konstantinovna

 

Dr.,  Senior research scientist

 

ustinova@dubna.net.ru

http://www.cosis.net/profile/galina.ustinova

 

G. K. Ustinova was born in Voronezh in 1937. In 1954 she left the school with the gold medal and in 1959 she graduated from the Voronezh State University as a specialist in “Nuclear physics”, her diploma having been prepared and defended at the I.V.Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy. In 1960-1962 she had a post-graduate course firstly at the P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute, Acad. Sci. of USSR, and then at the N.N.Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Acad. Sci. of USSR, under the leadership of academician V. I. Gol’dansky. Since 1964 she has been working in the group of the Laboratory of Cosmochemistry of GEOKHI RAS at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Dubna) as the junior research scientist, the research scientist and the senior research scientist. In 1975 she has defended her Ph.D. at the D.V.Skobel’tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State University and gained the scientific degree of candidate of physical and mathematical sciences.

 

Main scientific achievements:

·                1964-1972 – Experiments in JINR on modeling nuclear reactions in meteorites. To ensure the isotropic irradiation of the models a magnetic lens for expansion of the proton beam at the JINR synchrocyclotron was proposed, calculated, designed and put into operation.

·                1965-1975 – An analytical method for calculation of depth distribution of cosmic radiation and cosmogenic radionuclides in the cosmic bodies of different size and composition was proposed and elaborated, which became the quantitative basis of all the subsequent works of the laboratory, studying the cosmogenic isotopes in meteorites. Several methods for estimation of pre-atmospheric sizes of meteorites were elaborated, and an isotopic approach to the assessment of dimension of the meteorite orbits was found.

·                 1974-1982 – Experiments in JINR studying of nuclear reactions with p mesons, which derived the important role of the exchange and resonance interactions.

·                1970-1990 – A quantitative method of using the cosmogenic radionuclides in the fresh-fallen meteorites and lunar samples as natural detectors of cosmic rays was elaborated, which allowed us to carry out the monitoring of the intensity and variation of the galactic and solar cosmic rays in the three-dimensional heliosphere over the long-time scale.

·                1990-2000 – A mechanism of generation of isotopic heterogeneity of the primordial matter of the solar system during the propagation of the strong shock waves following, in particular, the last supernova explosion, was elaborated. Using the derived regularities in the analysis of isotopic anomalies in the early condensates of the meteoritic matter allowed us to resolve the problem of Li, Be and B origin, and to evaluate the radiation conditions of production of the extinct radionuclides, as well as the peculiarities of fractionation of the noble gases.

·                2000-2007 – Modeling the generation of the extinct radionuclides in the Ca- and Al-rich inclusions of the carbonaceous chondrites and the absence of excesses of the heavy radionuclides (the products of the r-process) among them allowed us to conclude that the last supernova was the carbon-detonation supernova (SnIa). The injection of the iron-enriched matter of  this supernova into the protosolar gas-dust nebula in the conditions of the supersound MGD-turbulence had to play a key role in formation of the primordial matter (possible metal-silicate separation before condensation), as well as in the origin of the solar system as a whole (possible independent formation of the parent bodies of chondrites and non-magmatic iron meteorites; rapid completion of the core formation in the pre-planetary and asteroid bodies; formation of the carbonaceous chondrites at the final stage of accretion of the supernova matter enriched peripheral ranges of the protosolar gas-dust nebula in the condition of low temperatures and weak gravitation; formation of the giant planets in giant turbulent vortexes in the main volume of the protosolar nebula; etc.)

·                2007-2011 – A key role of spallation reactions in generation of isotopic anomalies of the primordial matter at the formation of the solar system is ascertained. In particular, the new process is identified and the regularities of formation of isotopic relations of the anomalous Xe-HL component in nanodiamond grains of chondrites in the conditions of the explosive shock wave propagation from supernova outbursts are determined, as well as, the origin of the observed nanodiamond population in chondrites at the explosion of the last SnIa is pointed out. The experimental evidence of formation of the power-law spectrum of particles with spectral index of  g ~ 1 by the supersonic turbulence at the last SnIa explosion is obtained, which allows us, for the first time, to elaborate the MGD-conditions of the particle acceleration at the earliest stage of the explosive shock wave propagation and opens new perspectives in solution of the problem of origin of cosmic rays.

 

Publications: 1 book and more than 250 papers in the refereed journals and in the proceedings of conferences.

 

Book: 

 Lavrukhina A. K., and Ustinova G. K.  Meteorites as probes of cosmic ray variations. M.: Nauka, 1990. 262p.

 

Some publications:

 

1.  Ustinova G. K. Investigation of threshold anomalies in the cross sections for Compton scattering and photoproduction of  p0 mesons // Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 1962. V. 14. N 2. 417-420.

2.  Lavrukhina A. K., and Ustinova G. K. On distribution of the intensity of nuclear-active component of cosmic radiation in meteorites // Astronomichesky Journal. 1967. V. 44. N 5. 1081-1086.

3.  Lavrukhina A. K., Ustinova G. K., Ibraev T. A., and Kuznetsova R. I. Cosmic-radiation-induced-radioactivity of the Moon and meteorites and the origin of meteorites // Meteorite Research. Dordrecht: D.Reidel, 1969, 227-245.

4.  Lavrukhina A. K., and Ustinova G. K.  Solar proton medium flux constancy over a million years // Nature. 1971. V. 232. N 5311. 462-463.

5.  Lavrukhina A. K., and  Ustinova G. K.  On change of cosmic ray gradient during the cycle of the solar activity // Geomagnetism and Aeronomia. 1972. V. 12. N 4. 744-746.

6.  Lavrukhina A. K., and Ustinova G. K.  Cosmogenic radionuclides in stones and meteorite orbits // Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1972. V. 15. N 4. 347-360.

7.  Lavrukhina A. K., Ustinova G. K., Malyshev V. V., and Satarova L. M. Modelling nuclear reactions in isotropically irradiated thick target // Atomic Energy. 1973. V. 34. N 1. 23-28.

8.  Lavrukhina A. K., and Ustinova G. K.  On the absence of effective modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the solar system during the ice age // Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 9th. Houston: LPI, 1978. 2399-2414.

9.  Lavrukhina A. K., Ustinova G. K., Gorin V.D., Malyshev V.V., Roganov V.S., and Demyanov A.V. Spallation of iron and aluminium with negative mesons of 89, 160 and 288 MeV // Proc. 16th Int. Cosm. Ray Conf., Kyoto, 1979. V. 2. 342-347.

10.  Ustinova G. K., and Lavrukhina A. K. Reduced galactic cosmic-ray modulation during the last global glaciation // Geochemistry International. 1979. V. 16. N 4. 122-133.

11.  Ustinova G. K., and Lavrukhina A. K. Phenomenological expression for estimation of aphelia of fallen meteorites // Lunar Planet. Sci. XI. Houston: LPI, 1980. 1187-1189.

12.  Lavrukhina A. K., and Ustinova G. K. Galactic cosmic ray gradients in the ecliptic plane and at high latitudes during two solar cycles (meteorite data) // Advances in Space Research. 1981. V. 1. N 3. 143-146.

13.  Lavrukhina A. K., Ustinova G. K., Alania M. V., Dorman L. I.  Temporal, radial and latitudinal variations of galactic cosmic ray gradients in the Solar system // Proc. 17th Int. Cosm. Ray Conf., Paris, 1981. V.3. 238-241.

14.  Gorin V. D., Demyanov A. V., Lavrukhina A. K., Malyshev V. V., Roganov V. S., and Ustinova G. K. Spallation reactions in iron and aluminium induced by p- mesons of energies 89, 160 and 288 MeV // Journal of Nuclear Physics. 1982. V. 36. N 5. 1094-1102.

15.  Ustinova G. K., and Lavrukhina A. K. Cosmic ray variations in the heliosphere from results of extraterrestrial matter investigation // Geokhimiya. 1983. N 4. 483-501.

16.  Lavrukhina A. K., Povinec P., and Ustinova G. K. Cosmogenic 22Na  and 26Al in the samples of lunar soil from the drill core of “Luna-24” // Cosmicheskiye Issledovaniya. 1984. V. 22. Iss. 1. 110-119.

17.  Ustinova G. K.  Quasistationary asymmetry of the galactic cosmic ray density distribution in the heliosphere //  Proc. 18th Int. Cosm. Ray Conf., Bangalore, 1984. V. 10. 71-74.

18.  Ustinova G. K., and Lavrukhina A. K. The features of modulation mechanism over a long time scale // Proc. 20th Int. Cosm. Ray Conf., Moscow, 1987. V. 4. 307-310.

19.  Ustinova G. K., Alexeev V. A., and Lavrukhina A. K. Methods of determination of preatmospheric sizes of meteorites // Geokhimiya. 1988. N 10. 1379-1395.

20.  Ustinova G. K., and Lavrukhina A. K. Analytical expressions for distributions of cosmic radiation and radionuclides in meteorites // Proc. 21st Int. Cosm. Ray Conf., Adelaida, 1990. V.7. 141-144.

21.  Alexeev V. A., and Ustinova G. K.  Meteorites as differential detectors of cosmic radiation // Proc. 23rd Int. Cosm. Ray Conf., Calgary, 1993. V.3. 861-864.

22.  Ustinova G. K. Spectrum of accelerated particles at the time of Solar System formation // Izvestiya RAS.  Ser. phys. 1995. V. 59. N 4. 166-170.

23.  Ustinova G. K. Cosmic rays in the heliosphere and cosmogenic nuclides // Nuclear Geophysics. 1995. V. 9. N 3. 273-281.

24.  Alexeev V. A., and Ustinova G. K.  Cosmogenic nuclide evidence on ages, sizes and orbits of meteorites // Nuclear Geophysics. 1995. V. 9. N 6. 609-618.

25.  Ustinova G. K.  Possible sources of 53Mn in the early Solar System // Solar System Research. 1995. V. 29. N 4. 298-308.

26.  Ustinova G. K.  Accelerated particle spectrum during the Solar system formation // Proc. 24th Int. Cosm. Ray Conf., Roma, 1995. V.3. 204-207.

27.  Ustinova G. K. On the problem of the origin of Li, Be and B in the early Solar System // Solar System Research. 1996. V. 30. N 6. 429-439.

28.  Ustinova G. K., and Marti K. Possible fractionation of noble gases in shock waves // Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXI. Houston: LPI, 2000. #1230.

29.  Alexeev V. A., and Ustinova G. K.  Correlation analysis of statistic distributions of ages and orbits of ordinary chondrites // Geochemistry International. 2000. V.38. N 10. 955-973.

30.  Ustinova G. K. Mechanisms of isotopic heterogeneity generation by shock waves in the primary matter of the solar system // Geochemistry International. 2002. V. 40. N 9. 827-842.

31.  Ustinova G. K.  Specific features of the last supernova outburst predating the solar system formation // Doklady RAS. 2002. V. 382. N 2. 242-245 [Doklady Earth Sciences (Engl. Transl.) V. 382. N 2. P. 56-59].

32.  Alexeev V. A., and Ustinova G. K.  Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the three-dimensional heliosphere according to meteorite data // Geochemistry International. 2006. V. 44. N 5. 423-438.

33.  Ustinova G. K. Possible role of the Type Ia Supernova in formation of the Solar system // EGU-2006. Geophys. Res. Abstracts. 2006. V. 8. 00028.

34.  Ustinova G. K.  The Type Ia Supernova and origin of the Solar system // Meteorites and Planetary Sciences (Suppl.) 2006. V. 41. A177.

35.  Ustinova G. K. On the problem of Solar System origin: Regularities of noble gas fractionation in shock-waves // Solar System Research. 2007. V. 41. N 3. 231-255.

36.  Alexeev V. A., Gorin V. D., Kashkarov L. L. and Ustinova G. K. On the asteroid origin of some LL6 chondrites // Doklady Physics. 2008. V. 53. N 5. 257-260.

37.  Alexeev V. A., Gorin V. D., Kashkarov L. L. and Ustinova G. K. The main belt asteroid 3628 Boznemcova as a source of the LL6 chondrites // Meteorites and Planetary Sciences (Suppl.) 2009. V. 44. A20.

38.  Ustinova G. K. Simultaneous nanodiamond and Xe-HL formation in the shock waves of supernova explosions // Meteorites and Planetary Sciences (Suppl.) 2009. V. 44. A209.

39.  Ustinova G. K. On the origin of the anomalous component Xe-HL in nanodiamonds of chondrites // Doklady Earth Sciences. 2009. V. 429. N 8. 1403-1406.

40. Ustinova G. K. Effects of cosmic ray acceleration in relic grains of nanodiamonds in chondrites // Bull. Rus. Acad. Sci.. Physics. 2011. V. 75. N 3. 350-353.

41.  Ustinova G. K.   Origin of anomalous xenon in nanodiamonds of chondrites at the last supernova explosion before formation of the Solar System  // Geochemistry International. 2011. V.49. N 6. 555-567.

42.  Ustinova G. K.   Effects of the diffusive acceleration of particles by shock waves in the primordial matter of the Solar System // Doklady Physics. 2011. V. 56. N 4. 219-223.